Royal Dutch Shell plc, commonly known as Shell, is one of the world's largest publicly traded energy companies, headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands. It operates globally in over 90 countries, focusing on the exploration, production, refining, and marketing of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the manufacturing of chemical feedstocks used in various industries[1][3]. Shell’s origins date back to the late 19th century, when two separate companies—the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and Shell Transport and Trading Company—merged in 1907, eventually reorganizing into Royal Dutch Shell PLC in 2005[1]. Shell’s core business is vertically integrated, encompassing upstream activities such as exploration and production, midstream transportation, and downstream operations including refining, marketing, and chemicals. The company operates one of the largest global networks of over 40,000 petrol stations and is a major player in liquefied natural gas (LNG) and gas-to-liquids (GTL) products[3]. In recent years, Shell has expanded into renewable energy sectors, investing in wind, solar, hydrogen power, and electric vehicle charging infrastructure, aiming to reduce carbon emissions and transition towards sustainable energy solutions[2][5]. Financially, Shell remains a heavyweight in the energy sector. In 2024, it reported revenues of $316.6 billion and a net income of $28.25 billion, reflecting strong operational cash flow and resilience despite fluctuating oil prices[2]. The company continues to invest heavily in both traditional fossil fuels and emerging low-carbon technologies, balancing profitability with environmental commitments like its goal to become a net-zero emissions energy business by 2050[5]. Notably, Shell is involved in high-profile industry developments such as potential mergers to consolidate market position, which have sparked debate due to environmental concerns and regulatory scrutiny[4]. Its integrated business model, technological innovation, and strategic adaptability position Shell as a key influencer shaping the future of global energ